9+ Pre-Owned Flight Attendant Hosiery For Sale


9+ Pre-Owned Flight Attendant Hosiery For Sale

This area of interest market entails the change of hosiery beforehand worn by airline cabin crew members. Usually, these things are bought on-line via devoted platforms or marketplaces. The specifics of those transactions can range, together with the situation of the hosiery, pricing, and any accompanying supplies or data.

The enchantment of such gadgets stems from a fancy interaction of things. For some, it represents a connection to the idealized picture of the flight attendant occupation, evoking themes of journey, glamour, and authority. Others could also be drawn to the non-public nature of the garment and the implied intimacy it represents. The historic context is rooted within the fetishization of uniforms and occupational apparel, with flight attendant uniforms holding a very distinguished place in in style tradition. This market additionally intersects with broader tendencies in amassing and the web commerce of used clothes.

Additional exploration of this subject requires examination of the moral implications, the authorized framework surrounding such gross sales, the psychological motivations of consumers and sellers, and the cultural significance of this particular area of interest market. Moreover, the affect on the aviation trade and the perceptions of flight attendants warrants consideration.

1. Authenticity

Inside the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants, authenticity performs a vital position, influencing purchaser conduct and pricing dynamics. Verification of provenance is a central concern, impacting the perceived worth of these things. The next sides illuminate the complexities of authenticity on this context.

  • Proof of Possession

    Establishing a direct hyperlink between the hosiery and a particular flight attendant poses vital challenges. Usually, sellers supply anecdotal proof, resembling pictures or uniform particulars, however concrete proof is uncommon. This lack of verifiable provenance creates an atmosphere vulnerable to misrepresentation and fraud. Consumers should depend on belief, repute methods, or circumstantial proof, including a layer of threat to transactions.

  • Airline Affiliation

    The perceived worth of the hosiery typically correlates with the perceived status of the airline. Sellers could declare affiliation with specific airways to extend desirability and justify increased costs. Authenticating these claims, nevertheless, requires extra than simply verbal assertions. Real airline insignia or uniform labels can function indicators, however these too could be counterfeited.

  • Put on and Tear

    Paradoxically, indicators of damage and tear can typically improve the notion of authenticity. Minor snags, runs, or repairs could be interpreted as proof of real use, including to the merchandise’s attract for sure consumers. Nevertheless, this additionally presents a problem for figuring out whether or not the harm is real or artificially created to reinforce the perceived worth.

  • Position of Storytelling

    Narratives accompanying the sale, detailing the hosiery’s supposed historical past or the flight attendant’s experiences, contribute considerably to the perceived authenticity. Compelling tales can enhance purchaser curiosity and willingness to pay a premium. Nevertheless, these narratives are troublesome to confirm and could be completely fabricated, including one other layer of complexity to the problem of authenticity.

The difficulties in verifying authenticity inside this market contribute to its mystique and threat. The reliance on belief, circumstantial proof, and unverifiable narratives underscores the significance of purchaser warning and the potential for exploitation. This dynamic finally shapes the market’s panorama, influencing pricing and buyer-seller interactions.

2. Pricing Variations

Pricing inside the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants displays vital variability. A number of components contribute to this fluctuation, creating a fancy pricing panorama. Understanding these components is essential for navigating this area of interest market.

  • Claimed Airline Affiliation

    Objects related to perceived high-end or internationally acknowledged airways typically command increased costs. This value premium displays the perceived standing and desirability related to these manufacturers. A pair of tights purportedly worn by a flight attendant from a well known worldwide provider could be listed at a considerably increased value than the same merchandise attributed to a lesser-known home airline.

  • Situation of the Hosiery

    The situation of the hosiery performs a considerable position in value dedication. Unused or minimally worn gadgets typically fetch increased costs than these exhibiting vital put on and tear. Nevertheless, as beforehand famous, some consumers worth indicators of damage, creating a distinct segment marketplace for gadgets with particular imperfections. A pristine, unworn pair would probably command the very best value, whereas a well-worn pair would possibly enchantment to a unique phase of consumers at a lower cost level.

  • Inclusions and Packaging

    The presence of extra gadgets, resembling the unique packaging, accompanying uniform components, or private notes from the purported flight attendant, can considerably affect pricing. These additions improve the perceived authenticity and collectibility of the merchandise, justifying a value enhance. A pair of tights bought with the unique airline packaging and a handwritten be aware would possibly command a significantly increased value than the identical tights bought alone.

  • Vendor Repute and Advertising and marketing

    Established sellers with a optimistic repute for authenticity and discretion typically command increased costs. Efficient advertising techniques, together with compelling narratives or high-quality images, may also affect purchaser notion and willingness to pay. A vendor recognized for offering verified gadgets would possibly efficiently cost a premium in comparison with a brand new or much less respected vendor.

The interaction of those components creates a dynamic pricing atmosphere inside this area of interest market. Understanding these influences permits for a extra knowledgeable evaluation of worth and a clearer understanding of the motivations behind pricing choices. This data is important for each consumers and sellers navigating this complicated panorama.

3. On-line Platforms

On-line platforms play a vital position in facilitating the change of pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants. These digital marketplaces present the infrastructure for consumers and sellers to attach, negotiate, and full transactions. Understanding the nuances of those platforms is important for comprehending the dynamics of this area of interest market.

  • Devoted Boards and Communities

    Specialised on-line boards and communities cater particularly to people on this area of interest market. These platforms supply a devoted area for discussions, transactions, and the sharing of data associated to pre-owned hosiery. These closed communities typically develop their very own terminology, etiquette, and strategies for verifying authenticity, creating a definite subculture.

  • E-commerce Marketplaces

    Normal e-commerce platforms, whereas not solely devoted to this area of interest, additionally present avenues for the sale of pre-owned hosiery. Sellers make the most of these platforms to succeed in a broader viewers. Nevertheless, these marketplaces typically have stricter rules concerning the sale of used clothes, requiring cautious navigation by sellers to keep away from account suspension or merchandise removing. The anonymity afforded by these platforms could be engaging to each consumers and sellers.

  • Social Media Teams

    Social media teams devoted to particular pursuits, together with these associated to aviation or uniforms, may also function casual marketplaces. These teams supply a extra direct and private manner for consumers and sellers to attach. Nevertheless, transactions performed via social media lack the buyer-seller protections typically discovered on devoted e-commerce platforms, growing the chance of fraud or disputes.

  • Encrypted Messaging Apps

    Encrypted messaging purposes present a non-public and safe channel for communication and transactions. This elevated privateness could be interesting to people searching for discretion. Nevertheless, the shortage of transparency inherent in these platforms may also enhance the chance of scams and fraudulent exercise, making due diligence much more essential for consumers.

The various vary of on-line platforms utilized inside this market displays the numerous wants and preferences of consumers and sellers. Whereas devoted boards supply a way of neighborhood and specialised information, broader e-commerce platforms present entry to a wider viewers. The selection of platform influences the extent of anonymity, buyer-seller protections, and the potential dangers concerned in every transaction. Understanding these platform-specific dynamics supplies helpful insights into the general marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants.

4. Purchaser Motivations

Understanding purchaser motivations is essential for analyzing the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants. These motivations are complicated and multifaceted, starting from seemingly innocuous amassing to extra intricate psychological needs. Exploring these drivers supplies helpful perception into the dynamics of this area of interest market.

  • Fetishism and Sexual Want

    A major motivator for a lot of consumers is sexual fetishism associated to uniforms, notably these related to the flight attendant occupation. The mixture of the uniform’s inherent authority, the perceived glamour of air journey, and the intimate nature of hosiery contributes to its erotic enchantment for sure people. This fetishistic need drives a good portion of the demand inside this market.

  • Fantasy and Position-Enjoying

    The acquisition of pre-owned hosiery can facilitate fantastical role-playing situations for some consumers. These situations would possibly contain imagining themselves as a flight attendant or participating in fantasies associated to air journey and the perceived way of life related to the occupation. The tangible object serves as a prop or catalyst for these imaginative experiences.

  • Gathering and Nostalgia

    Some consumers strategy this market from a collector’s perspective. They may search particular gadgets based mostly on airline affiliation, rarity, or historic significance. The hosiery turns into a part of a broader assortment of aviation memorabilia or uniform-related gadgets. Nostalgia for a selected period of air journey may also play a task in motivating these collectors.

  • Connection and Intimacy

    For some, the acquisition of pre-owned hosiery represents a need for connection and intimacy, albeit not directly, with the flight attendant who wore the merchandise. This motivation can stem from an admiration for the occupation or a extra personalised attraction to the person vendor. The perceived intimacy related to a beforehand worn garment is usually a highly effective driver for sure consumers.

These motivations, whereas distinct, typically intertwine and overlap. A purchaser could be pushed by a mix of fetishistic needs, a fascination with the flight attendant occupation, and a need for a tangible connection to the idealized picture of air journey. Understanding the complicated interaction of those motivations supplies a extra nuanced understanding of the demand that sustains the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants. This understanding additionally highlights the moral concerns surrounding such a market and the potential for exploitation of each consumers and sellers.

5. Vendor Anonymity

Vendor anonymity performs a major position available in the market for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants. It permits people to take part on this area of interest market whereas shielding their identities from potential social stigma, skilled repercussions, or private scrutiny. This anonymity is facilitated by on-line platforms that supply pseudonymous accounts and safe cost strategies. The diploma of anonymity varies throughout platforms, with devoted boards and encrypted messaging apps providing higher privateness in comparison with conventional e-commerce websites.

A number of components contribute to the significance of anonymity for sellers. The delicate nature of the gadgets being bought, mixed with the potential for misinterpretation or judgment, creates a powerful incentive for sellers to guard their identities. For energetic flight attendants, anonymity is essential for safeguarding their careers. Public affiliation with this market may result in disciplinary motion or reputational harm. Even for people now not employed within the aviation trade, anonymity provides safety from social stigma or undesirable consideration. Think about a situation the place a flight attendant sells used hosiery on-line; if found, the potential penalties may vary from office disciplinary actions to on-line harassment. Anonymity mitigates these dangers.

The need for anonymity additionally influences the kinds of platforms utilized by sellers. Platforms prioritizing privateness and discretion, resembling devoted boards or encrypted messaging apps, are usually favored. This desire additional shapes the market dynamics, creating closed communities with particular guidelines and norms concerning anonymity and confidentiality. Whereas anonymity supplies advantages for sellers, it additionally introduces challenges for consumers, resembling elevated threat of fraud and issue verifying the authenticity of things. Balancing the necessity for anonymity with measures to guard consumers stays a key problem inside this market. Moreover, the authorized and moral implications of anonymity on this context require ongoing consideration.

6. Moral Issues

The marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery raises a number of moral considerations. These considerations typically heart on problems with consent, objectification, privateness, and potential exploitation. The act of promoting used hosiery, whereas arguably authorized in lots of jurisdictions, could be perceived as a violation of privateness, notably if the gadgets are obtained with out express consent. For instance, discarded hosiery taken from an worker locker room and subsequently bought raises vital moral questions on respect for private property and privateness. Even when hosiery is willingly bought, the potential for objectification stays. The advertising of these things steadily emphasizes the sexualized nature of the flight attendant occupation, doubtlessly contributing to the objectification of people inside that occupation.

The facility dynamics inherent within the aviation trade additional complicate these moral concerns. Flight attendants, notably these in junior positions, could really feel pressured to promote used hosiery because of monetary vulnerability or worry of reprisal. This potential for exploitation necessitates cautious consideration of the vendor’s company and the circumstances surrounding the sale. Moreover, the anonymity afforded by on-line platforms can obscure the vendor’s identification and consent, making it troublesome to establish whether or not the sale is really voluntary. The absence of clear trade tips or rules concerning the sale of used uniforms exacerbates these moral ambiguities.

Addressing these moral considerations requires a multifaceted strategy. Elevated consciousness throughout the aviation trade concerning the potential for exploitation is essential. Clear insurance policies outlining acceptable conduct concerning the sale of used uniforms may supply extra safety for flight attendants. Moreover, fostering open dialogue about consent, objectification, and privateness throughout the broader context of on-line marketplaces is important. The continued examination of those moral complexities is essential for guaranteeing the well-being and respecting the autonomy of people working throughout the aviation trade.

7. Authorized Implications

The sale of used flight attendant hosiery exists inside a fancy authorized panorama. Whereas the act itself just isn’t inherently unlawful in lots of jurisdictions, a number of authorized ambiguities and potential pitfalls warrant cautious consideration. These vary from mental property rights and privateness considerations to potential fraud and misrepresentation. Navigating this authorized terrain requires understanding the varied sides that intersect with this area of interest market.

  • Mental Property Rights

    Airline uniforms typically incorporate copyrighted designs, logos, and different protected mental property. The unauthorized use of those components within the sale of used hosiery may infringe upon these rights. As an illustration, utilizing an airline’s brand in images or descriptions of the hosiery with out permission may represent trademark infringement. Equally, promoting counterfeit uniform gadgets misrepresented as genuine raises authorized considerations.

  • Privateness and Picture Rights

    If a vendor makes use of images or private data of a flight attendant with out their consent, it may result in authorized motion based mostly on privateness or picture rights violations. That is notably related if the sale implies endorsement or affiliation with the flight attendant with out their express permission. For instance, utilizing a flight attendant’s identify and photograph to market used hosiery with out their consent may infringe upon their proper to regulate their public picture.

  • Fraud and Misrepresentation

    Misrepresenting the origin or authenticity of the hosiery constitutes fraud. This might embrace falsely claiming that the hosiery was worn by a particular flight attendant or airline, or promoting counterfeit gadgets as real. Such misleading practices can result in authorized motion by customers or the affected airline. As an illustration, promoting abnormal hosiery marketed as a real airline uniform merchandise constitutes fraudulent misrepresentation.

  • Contract Regulation and Employment Agreements

    Some airways have particular clauses of their employment contracts that limit or prohibit staff from promoting used uniform gadgets. Promoting hosiery in violation of such agreements may result in disciplinary motion or authorized proceedings initiated by the airline. These contractual obligations range between airways and jurisdictions.

The authorized complexities surrounding the sale of used flight attendant hosiery underscore the significance of each purchaser and vendor consciousness. Understanding the potential authorized ramifications may also help mitigate dangers and guarantee compliance with relevant legal guidelines and rules. The absence of clear authorized precedents on this particular area of interest market necessitates cautious consideration of the moral and authorized boundaries to reduce potential authorized challenges. Additional authorized scholarship and case legislation will probably form the longer term panorama of this market and supply higher readability for all events concerned.

8. Fetishism and Want

The marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery intersects considerably with themes of fetishism and need. Understanding this intersection requires exploring the psychological and cultural components that contribute to the erotic enchantment of these things. This exploration necessitates a frank and goal evaluation, avoiding ethical judgment whereas acknowledging the complicated interaction of motivations at play.

  • Uniform Fetishism

    Uniforms, notably these related to occupations perceived as authoritative or glamorous, typically maintain a powerful erotic enchantment for sure people. Flight attendant uniforms, with their historic connotations of class and exclusivity, fall squarely inside this class. The uniform represents an emblem of energy, management, and desirability, contributing to its fetishistic enchantment. This fetish just isn’t distinctive to flight attendants; comparable sights exist for different uniformed professions, however the flight attendant uniform occupies a very distinguished place in in style tradition, amplifying its erotic significance.

  • Foot and Leg Fetishism

    Hosiery, as a garment emphasizing legs and toes, performs a major position in foot and leg fetishism. The mixture of the hosiery’s tight match, its sheer texture, and its affiliation with the flight attendant uniform enhances its erotic enchantment for people with these particular fetishes. The visible and tactile qualities of the hosiery contribute considerably to its desirability inside this market.

  • The Attract of the “Used” Garment

    The truth that the hosiery is pre-owned provides one other layer of complexity to the will. For some people, the “used” facet enhances the erotic enchantment, signifying a more in-depth connection to the unique wearer. This connection could be rooted in a need for intimacy, a fascination with the perceived way of life of a flight attendant, or a extra complicated psychological want for proximity to the article of need. The hint of the earlier wearer provides to the merchandise’s perceived worth.

  • Objectification and Fantasy

    The acquisition of used flight attendant hosiery can gas fantasies associated to energy dynamics, management, and submission. The act of buying and possessing an intimate garment worn by somebody able of authority is usually a highly effective driver of need. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge the potential for objectification inherent in these fantasies. The give attention to the garment reasonably than the person sporting it will probably contribute to the dehumanization of flight attendants and perpetuate dangerous stereotypes.

These interwoven components contribute to the complicated relationship between fetishism, need, and the marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery. Understanding these motivations is essential for a nuanced evaluation of this market, acknowledging the psychological and cultural forces at play whereas remaining aware of the moral implications. The intersection of those components necessitates continued exploration and open dialogue to completely comprehend the dynamics and penalties of this particular area of interest market.

9. Cultural Significance

The marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery reveals a fancy interaction of cultural components that contribute to the demand for these things. This market does not exist in isolation; it is formed by broader cultural perceptions of flight attendants, the airline trade, and the fetishization of uniforms. Inspecting these cultural influences supplies helpful perception into this area of interest market.

  • The Idealized Picture of the Flight Attendant

    Traditionally, flight attendants have been portrayed as glamorous and complex figures, embodying beliefs of journey, journey, and worldliness. This idealized picture, perpetuated by media representations and promoting campaigns, contributes to the desirability of things related to the occupation, together with hosiery. The cultural notion of flight attendants as aspirational figures fuels the demand for gadgets related to their perceived way of life.

  • Fetishization of Uniforms and Authority

    Uniforms, notably these related to professions perceived as authoritative or glamorous, typically maintain a powerful erotic enchantment. Flight attendant uniforms are a main instance of this phenomenon. The uniform symbolizes authority, management, and a particular aesthetic, contributing to its fetishization. The marketplace for used hosiery faucets into this cultural fascination with uniforms and the facility dynamics they signify. This fascination extends past the aviation trade, however the flight attendant uniform holds a very distinguished place within the cultural creativeness.

  • Client Tradition and Collectibility

    The marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery intersects with broader tendencies in client tradition, notably the growing recognition of amassing distinctive or uncommon gadgets. For some consumers, the hosiery represents a collectible merchandise related to a particular airline, a selected period of air journey, or perhaps a particular flight attendant. This collectibility contributes to the perceived worth and drives demand inside this area of interest market.

  • Taboo and Transgression

    The clandestine nature of this market provides to its attract for some consumers. The perceived taboo surrounding the acquisition of used hosiery and its affiliation with fetishism can contribute to its desirability. This factor of transgression and the joys of participating in a socially marginalized exercise is usually a highly effective motivator for sure people. The secrecy surrounding the market reinforces its mystique and contributes to its cultural significance.

These cultural components intertwine to create the complicated marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery. The idealized picture of the flight attendant, mixed with the fetishization of uniforms, client tradition tendencies, and the attract of taboo, fuels the demand for these things. Understanding these cultural influences provides helpful insights into the motivations of each consumers and sellers inside this area of interest market and supplies a broader context for analyzing its moral and social implications. This market displays broader cultural tendencies associated to need, identification, and the commodification of private gadgets.

Steadily Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants. The knowledge supplied goals to supply readability and tackle potential misconceptions.

Query 1: Is the sale of used flight attendant hosiery authorized?

Legality varies by jurisdiction. Whereas typically not explicitly unlawful in lots of locations, related actions like misrepresentation or mental property infringement can have authorized ramifications. Consulting authorized counsel specializing in e-commerce and mental property is suggested for sellers.

Query 2: How can one confirm the authenticity of such gadgets?

Authenticity verification poses vital challenges. Relying solely on seller-provided data is dangerous. Unbiased verification strategies are typically unavailable, making purchaser warning important. Scrutinizing vendor evaluations and suggestions can supply some perception into repute, however supplies no assure of authenticity.

Query 3: What drives the demand for these things?

Demand stems from a fancy interaction of things, together with uniform fetishism, the idealized picture of the flight attendant occupation, and the attract of the “used” garment. Psychological and cultural influences contribute considerably to purchaser motivations.

Query 4: What moral concerns come up on this market?

Moral considerations embrace potential exploitation of flight attendants, objectification, privateness violations, and questions surrounding consent. The facility dynamics inherent within the aviation trade warrant cautious consideration of vendor company and the circumstances surrounding the sale.

Query 5: How do on-line platforms facilitate these transactions?

Numerous on-line platforms, starting from devoted boards to basic e-commerce marketplaces, facilitate these transactions. Every platform provides totally different ranges of anonymity, buyer-seller protections, and potential dangers. Understanding platform-specific rules and neighborhood norms is important.

Query 6: What are the potential dangers for consumers and sellers?

Consumers face dangers associated to fraud, misrepresentation, and lack of recourse because of the typically nameless nature of transactions. Sellers threat reputational harm, authorized repercussions associated to mental property infringement or misrepresentation, and potential violations of employment agreements.

Navigating this area of interest market requires cautious consideration of the authorized, moral, and private implications. Due diligence, knowledgeable decision-making, and consciousness of potential dangers are paramount for each consumers and sellers.

Additional analysis and evaluation of client conduct, market tendencies, and authorized frameworks are really helpful for a complete understanding of this complicated market.

Suggestions for Navigating the Market

Navigating the marketplace for pre-owned hosiery attributed to flight attendants requires cautious consideration and consciousness of potential dangers. The next suggestions supply steering for these concerned about taking part on this area of interest market.

Tip 1: Train Excessive Warning: Due diligence is paramount. This market operates largely unregulated, growing the chance of fraud and misrepresentation. Strategy transactions with skepticism and keep away from impulsive purchases.

Tip 2: Analysis Totally: Perceive the particular rules and norms of chosen platforms. Devoted boards could have particular guidelines concerning gross sales, whereas broader e-commerce websites might need restrictions on used clothes gross sales. Consciousness of those guidelines is essential.

Tip 3: Scrutinize Vendor Profiles: Consider vendor repute, suggestions, and transaction historical past the place out there. Search for established sellers with optimistic evaluations and a historical past of dependable transactions. Nevertheless, acknowledge that even optimistic evaluations can not totally assure authenticity.

Tip 4: Confirm Data Independently: The place attainable, try and confirm data supplied by sellers via impartial sources. This may be difficult, however even small particulars can typically reveal inconsistencies or inaccuracies. Cross-referencing data throughout a number of platforms could be useful.

Tip 5: Perceive Pricing Dynamics: Analysis typical pricing for comparable gadgets to keep away from overpaying. Be cautious of costs considerably increased or decrease than market averages. Excessive value variations can point out both inflated valuations or doubtlessly counterfeit gadgets.

Tip 6: Think about the Moral Implications: Mirror on the moral concerns associated to this market, together with potential exploitation of flight attendants and points surrounding privateness and consent. Knowledgeable participation requires consciousness of those moral complexities.

Tip 7: Defend Private Data: Train warning when sharing private data on on-line platforms. Prioritize platforms with sturdy privateness protections and keep away from disclosing pointless private particulars. Use safe cost strategies to guard monetary data.

Participating on this market requires cautious consideration of the potential dangers and moral implications. Knowledgeable decision-making, thorough analysis, and cautious navigation are essential for shielding private and monetary well-being.

The next concluding remarks will summarize key takeaways and supply remaining suggestions.

Conclusion

The marketplace for used flight attendant hosiery presents a fancy intersection of client need, fetishism, and cultural fascination. Evaluation reveals a dynamic panorama formed by components together with authenticity considerations, pricing variations influenced by perceived airline status and merchandise situation, and the essential position of on-line platforms in facilitating transactions. Purchaser motivations vary from amassing to complicated psychological needs, typically intertwined with the attract of uniforms and the perceived glamour of the aviation trade. Vendor anonymity, whereas providing safety, raises moral and authorized questions on consent, privateness, and potential exploitation. The market navigates a fancy authorized terrain encompassing mental property rights, potential fraud, and employment contract stipulations. The cultural significance of this market displays broader societal tendencies associated to the fetishization of uniforms, client tradition, and the commodification of private gadgets.

This exploration underscores the necessity for higher transparency and moral consciousness inside this area of interest market. Additional analysis into the psychological and cultural drivers behind these transactions, coupled with clearer authorized frameworks and trade tips, is essential for addressing the moral ambiguities and potential dangers. Continued examination of this market provides helpful insights into the complicated interaction of need, identification, and the evolving dynamics of on-line commerce.