hnl to jfk flight time

HNL to JFK Flight Time: 9+ Hour Guide

by

HNL to JFK Flight Time: 9+ Hour Guide

The period of a journey by air between Honolulu Worldwide Airport (HNL) and John F. Kennedy Worldwide Airport (JFK) represents a major issue for vacationers planning such a visit. This transcontinental flight connects two main hubs, bridging a substantial distance throughout america. Sometimes, these flights vary from 9.5 to 11 hours with out layovers, relying on components corresponding to wind situations and particular flight paths. Connecting flights, involving a cease at an intermediate airport, can considerably lengthen the overall journey time.

Understanding the everyday size of this journey is essential for passengers organizing itineraries, reserving lodging, and managing connecting flights or floor transportation upon arrival. The substantial time distinction of 5 hours between Hawaii and the Japanese Time Zone additional emphasizes the significance of correct flight period info for scheduling and adjusting to the brand new time zone. Traditionally, developments in aviation know-how have regularly diminished journey instances on this route, highlighting the evolution of long-distance air journey.

This understanding of the journey period between these two key airports lays the groundwork for exploring associated matters, together with the affect of time zones on the traveler, optimum flight schedules for minimizing disruption, and methods for mitigating the results of lengthy flights. Additional exploration will delve into the specifics of airways serving this route, typical in-flight facilities, and ideas for a cushty journey.

1. Common

The common period of 10-11 hours for a continuous flight from Honolulu (HNL) to New York JFK represents a crucial planning issue for vacationers. This timeframe considerably influences selections relating to schedules, connections, and total journey expertise. Understanding the parts and implications of this common flight time is essential for environment friendly and comfy journey.

  • Scheduled Flight Occasions

    Airways usually schedule HNL to JFK flights inside this 10-11 hour window. Revealed schedules present an preliminary estimate, although precise flight instances can fluctuate as a result of components like air site visitors management and climate. Checking particular flight particulars is important for correct planning.

  • Impression of Connecting Flights

    Selecting connecting flights, usually for value financial savings or scheduling flexibility, considerably alters the overall journey time. Layovers can add a number of hours, probably extending the journey to fifteen hours or extra. The ten-11 hour baseline for direct flights supplies a benchmark for evaluating the trade-offs related to connecting flights.

  • Time Zone Adjustment and Jet Lag

    The five-hour time distinction between Honolulu and New York, mixed with the 10-11 hour flight period, contributes considerably to jet lag. Arriving in New York after a daytime flight from Honolulu usually leads to a late-night arrival native time. Understanding the common flight time permits vacationers to anticipate and put together for potential sleep disruption.

  • In-Flight Expertise and Consolation

    Spending 10-11 hours in flight requires ample preparation for consolation and well-being. Components like seat choice, leisure choices, and meal planning develop into essential issues for managing the prolonged journey time. The common period informs selections relating to packing necessities, in-flight actions, and methods for minimizing discomfort.

Contemplating the common flight time as a core ingredient of HNL to JFK journey planning permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections relating to schedules, connections, and total journey expertise. This understanding contributes to smoother transitions, minimized disruptions, and a extra comfy journey throughout the Pacific.

2. Continuous availability

Continuous flight availability considerably impacts the general journey time between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. The presence or absence of direct flights influences not solely the period of the journey but additionally components like value, comfort, and potential disruptions. Understanding the nuances of continuous flight choices on this route is essential for efficient journey planning.

  • Airline Choices and Schedules

    A number of airways supply continuous service between HNL and JFK, every with various schedules and frequencies. Researching out there airways permits vacationers to match choices primarily based on departure instances, arrival instances, and total flight period. Airways could regulate schedules seasonally, impacting the provision of continuous flights.

  • Impression on Whole Journey Time

    Continuous flights symbolize the quickest journey choice, usually averaging 10-11 hours. Eliminating layovers and connections considerably reduces the general journey time in comparison with connecting flights, which might add a number of hours relying on the layover period and airport. This time-saving facet of continuous flights is especially helpful for time-sensitive vacationers.

  • Value Issues

    Continuous flights usually come at a premium in comparison with connecting flights. The comfort and time financial savings related to direct journey normally translate to increased fares. Evaluating the trade-off between value and journey time is a vital consideration for budget-conscious vacationers. Evaluating fares throughout completely different airways and journey dates may also help establish potential value financial savings.

  • Potential for Disruptions

    Whereas continuous flights reduce the chance of missed connections, they continue to be vulnerable to different potential disruptions like climate delays or mechanical points. Understanding these potential disruptions and contemplating journey insurance coverage choices can mitigate the affect of unexpected circumstances on journey plans. Monitoring flight standing and airline notifications helps vacationers keep knowledgeable of any potential delays or cancellations.

The provision of continuous flights between HNL and JFK performs a pivotal function in shaping the general journey expertise. Evaluating airline choices, contemplating the affect on complete journey time, assessing value implications, and understanding potential disruptions permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections aligned with their particular person wants and priorities. This cautious consideration of continuous availability contributes to a smoother and extra environment friendly journey.

3. Connecting flight choices

Connecting flight choices symbolize a major issue influencing the general period of journey between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. Whereas continuous flights supply the quickest route, connecting flights introduce complexities associated to layovers, potential delays, and total journey time. Understanding the assorted sides of connecting flight choices is essential for knowledgeable decision-making.

  • Layover Places and Durations

    Connecting flights necessitate layovers at intermediate airports, which might vary from transient one-hour stops to prolonged stays of a number of hours and even in a single day. Frequent layover places for HNL to JFK flights embody main West Coast hubs like Los Angeles (LAX), San Francisco (SFO), and Seattle (SEA), in addition to different potential connection factors. The layover period instantly impacts the overall journey time, usually including a number of hours to the journey in comparison with continuous choices.

  • Airline Combos and Interline Agreements

    Connecting flights could contain a number of airways, particularly when continuous choices are restricted or unavailable. Interline agreements between airways facilitate baggage switch and coordinated scheduling, streamlining the connection course of. Nevertheless, separate tickets on completely different airways can introduce complexities in case of delays or cancellations, impacting the general journey expertise and probably extending the overall journey time.

  • Value vs. Comfort Commerce-offs

    Connecting flights usually current value benefits in comparison with continuous flights. The decrease fares related to connecting itineraries will be engaging to budget-conscious vacationers. Nevertheless, the added journey time as a result of layovers and potential delays represents a major trade-off. Evaluating the stability between value financial savings and prolonged journey time is essential for knowledgeable decision-making.

  • Elevated Threat of Disruptions

    Connecting flights introduce further factors of potential disruption. Delays or cancellations at any level alongside the itinerary can affect subsequent connections, probably resulting in missed flights, prolonged layovers, and considerably elevated total journey time. Cautious consideration of layover durations and airline reliability is essential for mitigating the chance of disruptions and managing sudden modifications in journey plans.

Connecting flight choices supply vacationers flexibility and potential value financial savings, but additionally introduce complexities and potential dangers associated to prolonged journey time and disruptions. Cautious consideration of layover places and durations, airline mixtures, value vs. comfort trade-offs, and the elevated danger of disruptions permits vacationers to make knowledgeable selections aligned with particular person journey priorities and danger tolerance when planning journey between Honolulu and New York JFK. Understanding these components contributes to a extra predictable and manageable journey expertise.

4. Time zone distinction (5 hours)

The five-hour time distinction between Honolulu (HNL), working on Hawaii-Aleutian Customary Time (HST), and New York JFK, working on Japanese Customary Time (EST), represents an important issue influencing the perceived and precise period of journey. Whereas the bodily flight time stays comparatively fixed, the shift throughout time zones considerably impacts scheduling, arrival instances, and the traveler’s physiological adjustment. A flight departing Honolulu at midday (HST) arrives in New York within the late night (EST), successfully extending the perceived journey day. This temporal shift necessitates cautious planning to reduce disruption and handle the results of jet lag.

Contemplate a traveler departing HNL at 10:00 AM HST. With a mean flight time of 11 hours, arrival at JFK happens at 9:00 PM EST. Whereas the traveler experiences 11 hours in transit, the perceived period extends to 16 hours because of the time zone change. This discrepancy impacts scheduling selections, corresponding to selecting departure instances to align with desired arrival instances and minimizing in a single day journey. Moreover, the time zone shift contributes considerably to jet lag, because the traveler’s inside clock stays aligned with the departure time zone. Adjusting to the brand new time zone requires strategic planning, together with adjusting sleep schedules earlier than departure and using methods to reduce the results of jet lag upon arrival.

Understanding the affect of the five-hour time distinction is essential for efficient planning and mitigation of potential disruptions associated to long-haul journey between Honolulu and New York. Strategic scheduling, consciousness of arrival instances within the vacation spot time zone, and proactive measures to handle jet lag contribute considerably to a smoother and extra comfy journey expertise. This consciousness empowers vacationers to reduce the physiological and logistical challenges related to traversing a number of time zones.

5. Jet lag implications

Jet lag, a typical physiological response to fast long-distance journey throughout a number of time zones, presents a major consideration for people enterprise the journey between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. The five-hour time distinction between these places, compounded by the prolonged flight period of roughly 10-11 hours, exacerbates the probability and severity of jet lag signs. These signs, which might embody fatigue, sleep disturbances, issue concentrating, and gastrointestinal points, can considerably affect a traveler’s potential to perform optimally upon arrival and disrupt the preliminary days of a visit. The westward route of journey, extending the day, usually intensifies jet lag signs for these flying from HNL to JFK.

As an example, a traveler departing Honolulu at noon and arriving in New York within the late night experiences a considerably extended day. This disruption to the physique’s pure circadian rhythm can result in issue falling asleep on the native time, daytime fatigue, and impaired cognitive perform. Methods for mitigating jet lag develop into essential parts of efficient journey planning for this route. These methods would possibly embody adjusting sleep schedules previous to departure, minimizing publicity to blue mild through the flight, staying hydrated, and searching for pure mild upon arrival within the vacation spot time zone. The severity of jet lag can fluctuate amongst people, influenced by components like age and pre-existing sleep patterns. Understanding these particular person variations permits vacationers to tailor mitigation methods for optimum effectiveness.

Minimizing the affect of jet lag considerably enhances the general journey expertise. Proactive measures to regulate to the brand new time zone enable vacationers to maximise their time and vitality upon arrival, facilitating faster adaptation and a smoother transition into actions on the vacation spot. Addressing jet lag implications throughout the context of HNL to JFK journey enhances the potential for a extra productive and satisfying journey.

6. Airline schedules

Airline schedules instantly affect and are influenced by the flight time between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. Schedules decide departure and arrival instances, impacting complete journey period, connection alternatives, and the passenger expertise. Flight instances, in flip, constrain scheduling potentialities, as airways should account for components corresponding to plane availability, crew relaxation necessities, and airport congestion. The interaction between these components necessitates cautious coordination and strategic planning by airways.

As an example, an airline providing a morning departure from HNL would possibly schedule the flight to reach at JFK within the late night, accounting for the 10-11 hour flight time and the five-hour time distinction. This scheduling selection permits passengers to maximise their day on the origin and probably connect with onward flights from JFK. Conversely, a night departure from HNL may very well be scheduled for a morning arrival at JFK, catering to passengers preferring in a single day journey. Airways strategically design schedules to optimize passenger comfort, plane utilization, and operational effectivity. Seasonal changes to schedules mirror variations in demand and operational issues. Throughout peak journey seasons, airways could improve flight frequency, providing extra decisions for departure and arrival instances, whereas off-peak schedules would possibly supply fewer choices.

Understanding the intricate relationship between airline schedules and HNL to JFK flight instances empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections. Accessing up-to-date schedule info permits for strategic planning of itineraries, contemplating components corresponding to most popular departure/arrival instances, connection alternatives, and potential disruptions. This understanding contributes to a smoother and extra environment friendly journey expertise, aligning journey plans with airline operational realities.

7. Differences due to the season

Differences due to the season play a major function in influencing flight instances between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. These variations, primarily pushed by climate patterns and fluctuating demand, affect scheduling, availability, and the general journey expertise. Understanding how seasonal modifications have an effect on this particular route permits for simpler journey planning and knowledgeable decision-making.

  • Climate Patterns

    Prevailing winds, significantly the jet stream, considerably affect flight instances. Throughout winter months, robust westward jet stream currents can scale back eastbound flight instances (JFK to HNL) whereas growing westbound durations (HNL to JFK). Conversely, summer time climate patterns could current completely different wind situations affecting flight instances in reverse instructions. These variations, whereas generally minimal, can affect total journey schedules and connection timings.

  • Demand Fluctuations

    Peak journey seasons, corresponding to holidays and summer time trip durations, usually expertise increased demand for flights between HNL and JFK. Elevated demand can result in fuller flights, probably influencing scheduling and growing the probability of delays. Airways could regulate flight frequencies and schedules to accommodate peak demand, impacting each flight availability and potential journey durations.

  • Hurricane Season

    The Pacific hurricane season, usually occurring between June and November, introduces the potential for flight disruptions affecting HNL departures. Whereas airways implement contingency plans for extreme climate occasions, hurricanes and tropical storms can result in flight cancellations and delays, considerably impacting journey plans and total flight instances. Monitoring climate forecasts and contemplating journey insurance coverage throughout this era are important precautions.

  • Air Site visitors Congestion

    Differences due to the season in air site visitors quantity can affect flight instances not directly. Peak journey seasons usually expertise elevated congestion at main airports like JFK, probably resulting in floor delays and impacting each departure and arrival instances. Whereas indirectly affecting in-air flight period, air site visitors congestion contributes to total journey time variations all year long.

Recognizing the affect of seasonal differences on HNL to JFK flight instances enhances preparedness and permits for knowledgeable decision-making. Contemplating climate patterns, demand fluctuations, hurricane season implications, and potential air site visitors congestion permits vacationers to anticipate potential variations in journey period and regulate plans accordingly. This proactive method contributes to a smoother, extra predictable journey expertise.

8. Wind situations affect

Wind situations symbolize a major, albeit usually missed, issue influencing flight instances between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. Whereas scheduled flight durations present an estimated timeframe, precise flight instances can fluctuate because of the affect of prevailing winds, significantly the jet stream. Understanding the connection between wind situations and flight instances on this transcontinental route is essential for managing expectations and anticipating potential variations in journey period.

  • The Jet Stream’s Affect

    The jet stream, a band of robust winds excessive within the environment, flows predominantly from west to east throughout North America. This highly effective air present can considerably affect flight instances on transcontinental routes like HNL to JFK. Westbound flights (HNL to JFK) usually encounter headwinds, growing journey time, whereas eastbound flights (JFK to HNL) can profit from tailwinds, lowering journey time. The energy and place of the jet stream fluctuate seasonally and even each day, resulting in fluctuations in flight instances.

  • Headwinds and Elevated Flight Occasions

    Encountering headwinds basically forces an plane to fly in opposition to the wind, growing the time required to cowl the space between HNL and JFK. A robust headwind can add a major period of time to a flight, probably impacting connecting flight schedules and total journey plans. For instance, a flight encountering a constant 50-knot headwind would possibly expertise an extra 30-60 minutes of flight time in comparison with calm situations. This added time will be essential for vacationers with tight connection schedules.

  • Tailwinds and Decreased Flight Occasions

    Conversely, tailwinds propel an plane ahead, lowering the time required to traverse the space between JFK and HNL. A robust tailwind can shave a considerable period of time off a flight, probably permitting for earlier arrivals and providing a welcome respite from the everyday long-haul journey. A 50-knot tailwind, mirroring the earlier instance, would possibly scale back flight time by an identical 30-60 minutes. This potential time saving underscores the dynamic nature of flight instances influenced by wind situations.

  • Flight Planning and Wind Forecasts

    Airways meticulously contemplate wind forecasts when planning flight routes and schedules. Subtle flight planning techniques analyze wind patterns to optimize flight paths, minimizing headwind publicity and maximizing tailwind advantages. Whereas exact predictions stay difficult, accounting for anticipated wind situations permits airways to estimate flight instances extra precisely and regulate schedules proactively to reduce potential disruptions associated to wind-induced variations in journey period.

The interaction between wind situations and HNL to JFK flight instances emphasizes the dynamic nature of air journey. Whereas scheduled instances present a baseline, acknowledging the affect of prevailing winds permits vacationers to anticipate potential variations and handle expectations accordingly. Recognizing this affect contributes to a extra knowledgeable and adaptable method to long-haul journey planning.

9. Pre-flight/post-flight planning

Efficient pre-flight and post-flight planning are important parts of a clean and environment friendly journey expertise, significantly for a long-haul journey just like the one between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK. The appreciable flight time, coupled with the five-hour time distinction, necessitates cautious consideration of logistical preparations earlier than departure and upon arrival. Pre-flight planning minimizes potential disruptions and streamlines the journey course of, whereas post-flight preparations guarantee a seamless transition into actions on the vacation spot. Neglecting these essential planning phases can result in pointless stress, logistical challenges, and a much less satisfying total journey expertise.

  • Lodging Preparations

    Reserving lodging upfront, contemplating the estimated arrival time at JFK, is essential. Factoring in potential flight delays and the time required for airport switch and lodge check-in ensures a smoother transition upon arrival. Pre-booking lodging additionally permits vacationers to match choices, safe most popular charges, and choose places handy to deliberate actions. For return journey, comparable pre-flight planning ensures a available place to relaxation earlier than departing from HNL.

  • Floor Transportation

    Arranging floor transportation to and from airports (HNL and JFK) nicely upfront streamlines the journey course of. Pre-booked airport transfers, whether or not by ride-sharing companies, taxis, or airport shuttles, reduce ready instances and supply certainty relating to transportation prices. For post-flight preparations, pre-planning floor transportation from JFK to the ultimate vacation spot avoids last-minute logistical challenges and ensures a seamless transition, significantly after a protracted and probably tiring flight. Comparable preparations ought to be made for the return journey from the lodging to HNL.

  • On-line Examine-in and Baggage

    Using on-line check-in companies provided by airways streamlines the airport expertise, significantly for a long-haul flight like HNL to JFK. Finishing check-in on-line earlier than arriving on the airport saves time, avoids queues, and permits vacationers to pick out most popular seats. Understanding baggage allowance restrictions and pre-paying for any extra baggage minimizes potential issues on the airport. Pre-flight baggage preparation, together with tagging baggage and guaranteeing compliance with airline laws, additional streamlines the departure course of. Comparable issues apply for the return journey, guaranteeing a clean departure from HNL.

  • Managing the Time Zone Shift

    Pre-flight planning for the five-hour time distinction between HNL and JFK helps mitigate the results of jet lag. Steadily adjusting sleep schedules within the days main as much as the flight prepares the physique for the time zone change. Packing necessities like eye masks, earplugs, and comfy journey pillows enhances in-flight relaxation and promotes higher sleep high quality. Put up-flight, searching for publicity to pure mild upon arrival at JFK helps regulate the circadian rhythm and regulate to the brand new time zone extra rapidly. Comparable preparations for the return journey assist readjust to HST upon arrival in Honolulu.

The prolonged flight time between HNL and JFK emphasizes the significance of meticulous pre-flight and post-flight planning. Addressing these logistical issues earlier than departure and upon arrival minimizes potential disruptions, streamlines the general journey expertise, and permits vacationers to deal with having fun with their time on the vacation spot. Thorough planning contributes considerably to a extra relaxed, environment friendly, and finally extra rewarding journey expertise.

Often Requested Questions

This FAQ part addresses frequent inquiries relating to Honolulu (HNL) to New York JFK flight instances, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable journey planning.

Query 1: What’s the common continuous flight time between Honolulu and New York JFK?

Continuous flights usually vary from 10 to 11 hours. Precise flight instances can fluctuate primarily based on components corresponding to wind situations and particular flight paths.

Query 2: How does the time distinction between Honolulu and New York have an effect on journey planning?

The five-hour time distinction between Hawaii and the Japanese Time Zone necessitates cautious scheduling to handle arrival instances and mitigate the results of jet lag.

Query 3: Are connecting flights a viable choice for journey between HNL and JFK?

Connecting flights, whereas probably providing value financial savings, considerably lengthen complete journey time as a result of layovers. The added time and potential for disruptions require cautious consideration.

Query 4: How do seasonal differences affect flight instances on this route?

Seasonal climate patterns, significantly variations within the jet stream, can affect flight instances. Peak journey seasons may additionally expertise elevated air site visitors congestion, impacting schedules.

Query 5: What methods can mitigate the results of jet lag on such a protracted flight?

Adjusting sleep schedules previous to departure, minimizing publicity to blue mild through the flight, staying hydrated, and searching for pure mild upon arrival may also help mitigate jet lag.

Query 6: How far upfront ought to lodging and floor transportation be organized?

Reserving lodging and floor transportation nicely upfront is beneficial, particularly throughout peak journey seasons, to safe most popular choices and guarantee seamless transitions.

Understanding these key elements of HNL to JFK journey facilitates knowledgeable decision-making, contributing to a smoother and extra environment friendly journey expertise. Planning forward, contemplating potential variations, and implementing applicable mitigation methods improve the general journey.

For additional info and particular flight particulars, consulting airline web sites and journey assets is beneficial.

Suggestions for Managing Honolulu to New York JFK Flight Time

Optimizing the journey expertise between Honolulu (HNL) and New York JFK requires strategic planning that considers the prolonged flight period and important time distinction. The following pointers supply sensible steerage for mitigating potential challenges and maximizing consolation and effectivity all through the journey.

Tip 1: Choose Flights Strategically: Selecting a continuous flight, whereas probably costlier, minimizes total journey time and reduces the chance of missed connections. If connecting flights are needed, choosing longer layovers supplies a buffer in opposition to potential delays.

Tip 2: Handle Jet Lag Proactively: Start adjusting sleep schedules a number of days previous to departure to regularly align the physique with the vacation spot time zone. Through the flight, minimizing publicity to blue mild and staying hydrated can assist in adjusting to the brand new time zone. Upon arrival in New York, searching for publicity to pure mild helps regulate the circadian rhythm.

Tip 3: Pack Sensible for Consolation: Packing necessities corresponding to eye masks, earplugs, comfy neck pillows, and noise-canceling headphones enhances in-flight consolation and promotes higher relaxation through the lengthy journey. Compression socks can enhance circulation and scale back swelling throughout prolonged durations of sitting.

Tip 4: Keep Hydrated All through the Flight: Cabin air is usually dry, growing the chance of dehydration. Consuming loads of water all through the flight combats dehydration and its related fatigue. Limiting caffeine and alcohol consumption additional aids in sustaining hydration and selling higher sleep.

Tip 5: Plan for Leisure and Productiveness: Downloading motion pictures, books, or podcasts earlier than the flight supplies leisure choices throughout prolonged durations with out web entry. The flight will also be utilized for productive actions like offline work or journaling.

Tip 6: Safe Lodging and Floor Transportation in Advance: Pre-booking lodging and airport transfers minimizes logistical challenges upon arrival, significantly after a protracted flight. Making certain these preparations are in place nicely upfront streamlines the transition into actions on the vacation spot.

Tip 7: Make the most of Airport Providers: Benefiting from airport facilities corresponding to airport lounges can improve consolation throughout layovers or whereas awaiting departure. Lounges usually present comfy seating, refreshments, and Wi-Fi entry, providing a respite from the bustling airport setting.

Implementing these methods enhances journey consolation, minimizes potential disruptions, and promotes a extra environment friendly and satisfying expertise between Honolulu and New York JFK. Proactive planning and knowledgeable decision-making are key to navigating the challenges of long-haul journey.

By understanding the nuances of this route and implementing these sensible ideas, vacationers can optimize their journey and arrive in New York well-prepared to maximise their time and expertise.

Conclusion

Understanding Honolulu (HNL) to John F. Kennedy Worldwide Airport (JFK) flight time is essential for efficient journey planning. This complete exploration has highlighted key elements influencing and affected by the period of this transcontinental journey. Components corresponding to continuous flight availability, connecting flight choices, the five-hour time distinction, and potential jet lag implications necessitate cautious consideration. Differences due to the season, wind situations, and airline schedules additional contribute to the dynamic nature of HNL to JFK flight instances. Pre-flight and post-flight planning, encompassing lodging preparations, floor transportation, and methods for managing the time zone shift, are important for minimizing disruptions and maximizing journey effectivity.

Efficient administration of HNL to JFK flight time empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections, optimize itineraries, and mitigate potential challenges related to long-haul journey. Strategic planning, knowledgeable by a complete understanding of the components influencing flight period and their implications, contributes considerably to a smoother, extra environment friendly, and finally extra rewarding journey expertise.